Across the EU, exit work and disengagement, deradicalisation and rehabilitation (DDR) programmes differ substantially in terms of implementing actors, programme types, objectives, target groups and setting. Fostering voluntary participation and compliance of inmates pose some of the main challenges for practitioners, organisations and penitentiary systems. There are different models of engaging inmates in participating and designing their own DDR programmes and interventions. While some of these models are already in use with violent extremist or terrorist offender (VETO) inmates, others are being implemented with other types of inmates, with the prospect of including them in the work with VETOs in the future. As justice and penitentiary systems evolve, these models bring a range of opportunities and challenges for practitioners seeking to improve disengagement and rehabilitation success rates.
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